Iranian President Massoud Pezeshkian (middle), Ayatollah Gholamhossein Mohseni-Ejei (left), and Ayatollah Alireza Arafi (right), met on March 1, 2026, following the assassination of Ayatollah Khamenei in the U.S-Israeli war against Iran. (Photo: IRIB/WANA/Reuters)
Iran's hierarchy is showing signs of fracturing over a war its leaders see as existential, with angry divisions between hardliners and more pragmatic factions laid bare by a row over President Masoud Pezeshkian's promise not to strike Gulf states.
Fissures within Iran's ruling elite were long suppressed under the rule of Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, but his killing a week ago has allowed them to spill out into the open as U.S. and Israeli strikes pummel the streets of Tehran.
The relentless bombing imperils the Islamic Republic and has prompted its fiercest acolytes, the Revolutionary Guards, to seize a bigger role in strategy despite a decapitation campaign that has killed many of its top commanders.
Sources close to Iran's leadership, speaking from inside the country, told Reuters the strains were starting to show among leading figures still alive after a series of killings in the U.S.-Israeli strikes.
They spoke anonymously due to the sensitivity of the matter. In a sign of the growing stresses to the system, clerics accelerated the appointment of a new supreme leader and reached a decision on Sunday, thought the name is yet to be announced. As such, it is far from clear if Khamenei's successor will wield enough authority to stamp out factional disputes.
While his son, Mojtaba Khamenei, is seen as a frontrunner backed by the Guards and his father's powerful office, he is untested, junior to most of Iran's senior ayatollahs, and has alienated moderates within the system.
Other potential candidates could struggle to uphold the unquestioning obedience of the Guards required to maintain discipline within the system.
"Wartime tends to clarify power structures, and in this case the decisive voice is not that of the civilian leadership but of the IRGC," said Alex Vatanka, a senior fellow at the Middle East Institute, using an abbreviation of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.
Revolutionary Guards angry at Pezeshkian statement
Pezeshkian's apology to the Gulf states for a week-long attack on U.S. military sites on their territories — and his pledge to rein in such attacks — quickly prompted pushback from hardliners in the Revolutionary Guards and clerical elite, forcing him to partially back down from his statement.
In one of the most open criticisms of Pezeshkian — and a sign of internal division, hardline cleric and lawmaker Hamid Rasai addressed the president on social media, saying: "your stance was unprofessional, weak, and unacceptable."
When the president later repeated his earlier statement on social media, he left out the apology that had so angered the Guards and other hardliners, a clear retreat from his previous stance.
To be sure, all senior figures within the hierarchy are steadfast in their commitment to defending the Islamic Republic from U.S. and Israeli attacks, but there are clear splits over their strategic approach.
Iran's leadership has at times played up differences between hardliners and moderates as a tactic in its negotiations with the West, but the dispute over Pezeshkian's statement on Saturday revealed genuine divisions, two senior sources said.
A hardliner close to Khamenei's office, which remains a central node in the hierarchy, told Reuters that Pezeshkian's comments had angered many senior commanders in the Guards.
Another senior Iranian source, a moderate former official, said nobody would be able to fill Khamenei's shoes, describing the late leader as a formidable strategist who had led Iran through many difficult periods.
With anxiety increasing in Iran's top ranks, senior ayatollahs began to publicly urge that the clerical body responsible for appointing a supreme leader accelerate its work.
"It should expedite the process so that it leads to the disappointment of the enemy and the preservation of the unity and solidarity of the nation," Ayatollah Nouri Hamedani said in a statement carried by the Fars News Agency.
Strains showing even in top leadership body
In Iran's unusual system, an elected president, government, and parliament are subservient to a clerically appointed ayatollah who wields ultimate authority as supreme leader and personally oversees the Revolutionary Guards and other powerful bodies of state.
As leader for 36 years, Khamenei often played hardline and moderate factions within the ruling system against each other, allowing them to voice disagreements while retaining the ultimate say for himself.
When he was killed, leadership formally passed to a constitutionally mandated interim council that included Pezeshkian, the clerical head of the judiciary, and another cleric from a hardline body called the Guardian Council.
In Khamenei's absence, strains are showing even inside that tight body, with the judiciary chief, noted hardliner Ayatollah Gholamhossein Mohseni-Ejei, saying some regional states had allowed their territory to be used for attacks.
"Heavy strikes on those targets will continue," he said, contradicting Pezeshkian's more conciliatory statement.
Still, even though Khamenei did sometimes allow moderate or reformist voices to carry the day in disputes with hardliners, they were usually overruled when the system seemed to come under threat.
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